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The eleventh COSPAR colloquium The Outer Heliosphere: The Next
Frontiers was held in Potsdam, Germany, from 24-28 July, 2000, and
is the second dedicated to this subject after the first one held in
Warsaw, Poland in 1989.
Roughly a century has passed after the first ideas by Oliver Lodge,
George Francis Fitzgerald and Kristan Birkeland about particle
clouds emanating from the Sun and interacting with the Earth
environment. Only a few decades after the formulation of the
concepts of a continuous solar corpuscular radiation by Ludwig
Bierman and a solar wind by Eugene Parker, heliospheric physics has
evolved into an important branch of astrophysical research.
Numerous spacecraft missions have increased the knowledge about the
heliosphere tremendously. Now, at the beginning of a new millenium
it seems possible, by newly developed propulasion technologies to
send a spacecraft beyond the boundaries of the heliosphere. Such an
Interstellar Proce will start the in-situ exploration of
interstellar space and, thus, can be considered as the first true
astrophysical spacecraft. The year 2000 appeared to be a highly
welcome occassion to review the achievements since the last COSPAR
Colloquia 11 years ago, to summarize the present developments and
to give new impulse for future activities in heliospheric research.
With spears and arrows, atl-atls and slings, the people of the New
World fought to defend themselves against European invasion and
conquest. Over a century of scholarship on warfare has
substantially enhanced our understanding of the scope and scale of
violent conflict in Pre-Columbian America. Yet we still struggle to
understand the nuances of indigenous warfare and its importance for
native politics and society. This volume sheds new light on the
nature of war in Mesoamerica and the Andes. Relying on
methodological and theoretical developments in anthropological
archaeology, bioarchaeology, and ethnohistory, contributors
highlight the particularities of warfare in indigenous societies
and examine the commonalities of warfare in cross-cultural
perspective. Their essays focus on place and the body, as they
explore the importance of captive-taking, sacrifice, performance,
and political history in the conduct of war. Observers have debated
whether the indigenous peoples of the Americas were distinctly
noble or frightfully savage in their way of war. This volume shows
that such polarized positions are unfounded. By focusing on the
nuances of indigenous violent conflict, the contributors
demonstrate that war in the Americas was much like war elsewhere in
the ancient and modern world: strategic, political, bloody,
socially productive, yet terribly destructive.
From the tombs of the elite to the graves of commoners, mortuary
remains offer rich insights into Classic Maya society. In Mortuary
Landscapes of the Classic Maya: Rituals of Body and Soul, the
anthropological archaeologist and bioarchaeologist Andrew K.
Scherer explores the broad range of burial practices among the Maya
of the Classic period (AD 250-900), integrating information gleaned
from his own fieldwork with insights from the fields of
iconography, epigraphy, and ethnography to illuminate this
society's rich funerary traditions. Scherer's study of burials
along the Usumacinta River at the Mexican-Guatemalan border and in
the Central Peten region of Guatemala-areas that include Piedras
Negras, El Kinel, Tecolote, El Zotz, and Yaxha-reveals
commonalities and differences among royal, elite, and commoner
mortuary practices. By analyzing skeletons containing dental and
cranial modifications, as well as the adornments of interred
bodies, Scherer probes Classic Maya conceptions of body, wellness,
and the afterlife. Scherer also moves beyond the body to look at
the spatial orientation of the burials and their integration into
the architecture of Maya communities. Taking a unique
interdisciplinary approach, the author examines how Classic Maya
deathways can expand our understanding of this society's beliefs
and traditions, making Mortuary Landscapes of the Classic Maya an
important step forward in Mesoamerican archeology.
Appraisal theory has become one of the most active aproaches in the domain of emotion psychology. The appraisal process consists of the subjective evaluation that occurs during the individual's encounter with significant events in the environment, thus determining the nature of the emotional reaction and experience. The organism's interpretation of events and situations elicits and differentiates its emotional responses, although the exact processes involved and the limits of the theory are still a matter of debate and are currently the object of active research. This volume is intended to become the primary source of information on appraisal for all those interested in emotion, from beginning graduate students to accomplished researchers in emotion psychology.
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